Peer Review Article on the Transformative Power of Art

Ane of the persistent myths of the employer-employee or leader-follower relationship is "Leaders should maintain an arms-length relationship with those with whom they work."[1] This perspective about human relationships has long-established roots in management theory and inferred that leaders and followers engaged in a transactional interaction.[2] In the early on 20^thcentury, the assumption of many employers was that the responsibility of direction was to pursue optimum efficiency.[three] Employees were viewed as a means of production and reducing the cost of employee labor was simply part of the equation of many companies in the quest to maximize profits.[4] In order to create a "lean and mean" ability to compete, it was necessary to view labor every bit a resource and profit centre and to reduce associated costs wherever possible.

Economic experts similar Milton Friedman have advocated the assumption that profit generation was a moral obligation of every business concern leader. Friedman, and others like him, argued that the measuring stick for an ethical conclusion was but, "Is this action in conformance with the law?"[5] Social issues were non the responsibleness of organizations. Employees and other resources were a ways to reach the highest possible profits.

In dissimilarity with this usually-held business supposition, others who report organizations adopt a highly humanistic set of ideas nearly the leader's role and her/his relationships with employees.[half dozen] Within this much more than relationship-based group are scholars who propose that the leader-follower association is actually highly personal and that the wisest leaders will create relationships based upon a leader'due south genuine love for others.[seven] Consequent with insights offered past other scholars, we analyze the nature of love as the heart of leadership and explain herein how the demonstration of that love can enable leaders and organizations to accomplish greater long-term wealth and add together value to the world. We begin by defining the nuances of love equally an interpersonal quality. Associated with that definition, we explain the practical value of dear equally information technology affects a leader's clan with her/his colleagues within a work context.

Understanding the Nature of Love

In their award-winning volume,The Leadership Challenge, James Kouzes and Barry Posner find that love is ultimately the secret of leadership.[8] Although dear is defined in multiple ways, Kouzes and Posner explain that slap-up leaders demonstrate to others that they genuinely care near others' welfare past their deportment, rather than simply by their words. They emphasize that leadership has a powerful effect on people's lives when others believe that their leader personally cares near them and is invested in their lives.[ix]

Beloved is recognized as a universal virtue encompassing many types of relationships and varying depths of commitment. In the Greek, 4 types of dear are identified. Eros, or ἔρως in Greek, was the term used to represent romantic dear and was actually the proper noun of the Greek god of sensual love and desire.[x] A more than mutual grade of love, Philia , derived from the Greek give-and-take φιλέω orphileo,is oftentimes translated as "brotherly dear" or "close friendship" and too meant virtue, loyalty, and equality in i's attitude toward others.[xi] In the Christian Bible and Muslim Qu'ran, brotherly love is acknowledged as the delivery of one to another that is expected of the members of the family of God and other truthful believers.[12] Storge, or Στοργή in Greek, is the natural amore or kindly feeling or devotion that a person has toward someone or something close to her or to him and is best-selling equally a common natural feeling of appreciation.[13] Agape, or Ἀγάπη or Ἀγαπάω , in the Greek is a dear that includes the consuming passion for the well-existence of some other.[14] Agape is not based solely on the worth of the object beingness loved but represents selfless and unconditional feelings possessed past one private for another.[15]

Love unlocks "the good, the true, and the beautiful" by seeing information technology in others.[16] In the Arabic, the well-nigh powerful type of beloved is al-kholla, which suggests the unification of the souls including the pursuit of the highest and greatest practiced for self and others.[17] Such love is focused on an unconditional commitment to the welfare of others in the pursuit of an ultimate benefit.[18] The Hebrew word for love is ahava or אהבה and its root word comes from the Hebrew word meaning to requite—affirming the great truth that love is essentially about giving of oneself.[xix]

It is by sharing and giving of ourselves that we create a binding relationship with others. In the Jewish tradition the Rabbis tell the following story.

A young male child once asked his Rabbi why man was created with 2 optics. The Rabbi responded, "With the left eye yous should look at yourself, and see where you need to meliorate yourself. And with the right eye, you should look at others lovingly, always seeking out their best qualities.[20]

Love encompasses both of those qualities. Love seeks to better oneself so that a person can prepare herself/himself to serve others improve. In addition, love always seek out the all-time in people and is committed to helping others to achieve their highest potential.[21]

Love as a Commitment

Scholars most both love and leadership offer powerful insights that run parallel with these definitions. Throughout his volume, The Road Less Travelled, M. Scott Peck divers love as "a delivery to the welfare, growth, and wholeness" of either oneself or another person.[22] Many who speak and write of dearest have emphasized that nosotros must first treat ourselves and recognize the goodness which we possess in order to fully love others.[23] Self-valuing demand non exist selfish or self-serving but provides within each individual the capacity to believe that (s)he can contribute to the earth, to the lives of others, and to a club that desperately needs greater dear.[24]

Other scholars describe the nature of the leader-follower relationship as encompassing both caring and love. Max DePree described the leader's obligation to employees every bit owing sacred obligations to others' welfare equally a retainer leader.[25] Robert Greenleaf also described the leader's responsibilities in similar words[26] and Moses Pava framed the leadership responsibility equally a covenantal obligation.[27] Both transformational[28] and transformative[29] leadership address the moral obligation of leaders to be totally committed to followers' best interests—a delivery which is the very essence of genuine love. Stewardship theory, a theory of organizational governance, also emphasizes the sacred nature of a leader's obligation in honoring others' best interests.[thirty]

In writing near humility and its relationship to love, Anderson and Caldwell explained that both virtues required "a proper interpretation of oneself" just also a proper estimation of the worth, value, and potential of others.[31] By understanding our own innate value and that same value in others, nosotros make it possible to bridge the unity that exists between self and others and embrace the pursuit of the greatest possible skilful.[32] To that extent, dearest enhances the ability to transform lives and add value to the world in partnership with others.[33]

The Souvenir of Dearest

Love acknowledges that relationships with others are incredibly of import and that creating connection at the personal level is how we can best reach others, demonstrate to them that we are accurate and real, and inspire them to desire to find the best inside themselves…which is what the journey in life is ultimately all well-nigh.[34] Love empowers within each individual a profound inner peace.[35] Loving others allows united states of america to discover that in that location is no greater gift that we can give to ourselves but besides no improve way to care for others.[36]

The story of Aaron Feuerstein is a record of one man who demonstrated great dear to others and the willingness to piece of work for their benefit and welfare. Feuerstein owned Malden Mills, the principle employer of Lawrence, Massachusetts, with 2,300 employees. On December 11, 1995, the Malden Mills burned to the ground, taking with it the capacity of its entire workforce to provide for their families.[37]

It is sometimes through the lives of bang-up men and women that we fully comprehend the nature of love and its chapters to serve others. Feuerstein is such a man. Rather than cashing in his $300 million insurance settlement from the fire or rebuilding his found outside of the U.South. where labor was far cheaper, Feuerstein non only made the commitment to rebuild his entire plant in Lawrence, simply continued to pay his employees $25 million in salaries—despite the fact that those employees no longer had jobs to perform.[38]

Today, more than 30 years later, that same establish now provides jobs for Lawrence, Massachusetts, residents. Feuerstein demonstrated past his actions his deep commitment to the Malden Mills employees who had been loyal to him and to his family—despite the great gamble that he was willing to accept on their behalf in rebuilding the Malden Mills plant. That delivery to others earned Feuerstein the respect and admiration of those with whom he worked and Feuerstein's dedication to others' best interests typifies groovy love in activeness.

Love Generates Trust

Other leaders and organizations have also acted with a commitment to others welfare and a want to serve their all-time interests. For example, NUCOR Steel is famous for its partnership relationship with its employees and its turn a profit sharing and team decision-making have made its employees among the highest paid in the steel manufacture and enabled NUCOR Steel to thrive financially.[39] Many other companies have adopted Loftier Operation Work Systems that treat employees every bit valued partners and Loftier Performance Work Systems have consistently been found to exist more profitable than peer competitors who do non treat employees with care and consideration. The evidence suggests that honey's capacity to bring out the all-time in individuals is exemplified by leaders who demonstrate that service could supersede self-interests by acts of love.[40] Such caring and kindness generates high trust and private delivery that creates wealth and adds value to organizations, to employees, and to gild.[41]

Stephen R. Covey, the American author, scholar, and motivational speaker is also recognized for his emphasis on the importance of love and for his wisdom in the application of true principles associated with human beliefs. Covey believed that beloved, trust, and treating people with a commitment to helping them achieve their greatest possible potential were fundamental responsibilities of leaders.[42] Incorporating insights from the multiple definitions of love and from these examples, we suggest a definition of what we think may comprehend the highest course of love. In its highest form, dear is the sacred quality which enables individuals to willingly requite of themselves to assistance others to accomplish their highest potential and to create a better earth.

Power of Honey

The practical awarding of leading with honey is in recognizing that others are valued "Yous" rather than commodities, or "Its."[43] The power of the human connexion and of caring personally about others is often overlooked equally the important element of successful human relations.[44] In a world workforce where only xiii percent of employees consider themselves to be not engaged or committed to their job,[45] where employees frequently distrust their leaders,[46] and where 71 percent of employees are actively looking for new jobs,[47] the importance of creating better relationships between leaders and followers seems easy to understand.

When nosotros come to understand the corking power of love, we are stunned by its capacity in changing lives.[48] Even so, many skeptics about the power of honey dismiss it as "as well touchy-feely," or "as well hard to communicate" for their personal way. Others who have studied the leader-follower relationship argue that "encouraging the heart" is 1 of the disquisitional tasks of effective leaders.[49] A growing trunk of powerful evidence confirms the principle affirmed through the ages that honey is, after all, the most powerful force on the earth.[l] Applying the principle of love to the leader's relationship with others in a piece of work context makes logical sense and affirms the importance of honey and trust as aligned leadership virtues.[51]

Summary

Whatever might be a person's adjacent leadership office, whether it involve creating a mission statement, defining a visitor vision or strategic program, or merely the process of making any organizational improvement, the need to build on the powerful force of love can enhance the effectiveness of that organization. Dearest of the process, love of the journeying, dearest of life, and honey of people…the answers to any leadership purpose undoubtedly tin be addressed when dearest is applied and understood while working to achieve a worthy purpose.

References:

Anderson, V., & Caldwell, C. (2019). "Love and Humility." Humility as Enlightened Leadership. Hauppage, NY: NOVA Publishers.

Applebaum, Eastward., Bailey, T., & Berg, P. (2000). Manufacturing Advantage: Why High Functioning Piece of work Systems Pay Off. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Academy Printing.

Arnold, Due west. J. (1963). "Famous Firsts: High Priests of Efficiency." Business Week, June 22, 1963, pp. 100-104.

Cake, P. (2013).Stewardship: Choosing Service Over Self-Interest. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant Leadership: Renewing Yourself and Connecting with Others through Mindfulness, Hope, and Compassion. Boston, MA: Harvard Concern Review Press.

Boylan, M. (2008). The Expert, the True, and the Beautiful: A Quest for Meaning. New York: International Publishing Grouping.

Buber, Chiliad., & Kaufmann, K. (1971). I and Thou. New York: Touchstone Books.

Burns, J. M. (2010). Leadership. New York: Harper.

Caldwell, C., Atwijuka, S., & Okpala, C. O. (2018). "Compassionate Leadership in an Arms-Length Earth." Journal of Business and Management.

Caldwell, C., Dixon, R. D., Floyd, L., Chaudoin, J., Mail service., J., & Cheokas, G. (2012). "Transformative Leadership: Achieving Unparalleled Excellence." Journal of Business Ideals, Vol 109, Iss. 2, pp. 175-187.

Caldwell, C., & Dixon, R. D. (2010). "Dear, Forgiveness, and Trust: Critical Values of the Mod Leader." Journal of Concern Ethics, Vol. 93, Iss. 1, pp. 91-101.

Caldwell, C., Hayes, L., & Long, D. (2010). "Leadership, Trustworthiness, and Ethical Stewardship." Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 96, Iss. 4, pp. 497-512

CBS News found online on March 9m 2019 at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-mensch-of-malden-mills/.(Feurestein's actions and the Malden Mill burn down which preceded them are chronicled in the 60 Minutes story, "The Mensch of Malden Mills.")

Covey, S. R. (1992). Principle-Centered Leadership. New York: Simon & Schuster.

DePree, Yard. (2004). Leadership is an Fine art. New York: Crown.

Doniach, N., & Kahane, A. (Eds). (1996). The Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford Academy Press.

Emerson, H. (1911). "Efficiency as a Ground for Operations and Wages." Engineering science Magazine.

Fanning, B. (2017). "71% Are Looking for New Jobs: 5 Strategies to Address Your Hurting." Inc. November 17, 2017 and found online on March 9, 2019 at https://world wide web.inc.com/ben-fanning/71-percent-of-employees-are-looking-for-new-jobs-5-strategies-to-address-your-pain.html.

Friedman, 1000. (1970). "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits." New York Times Magazine, September xiii, 1970.

Fromm, Due east. (2000). The Art of Loving: The Centennial Edition. New York: Continuum Publishers.

Greenleaf, R. Yard. (2015). The Servant every bit Leader. Atlanta, GA: Greenleaf Center for Retainer Leadership.

Gulbrandsen, K., & Caldwell, C. (In Press). "Love and Humility – Enhancing Leadership Success" in Love: The Centre of Leadership. Caldwell, C., & Anderson, Five.. (Eds.). Hauppage, NY: NOBA Publishers.

Harrington, M. (2017). "Survey: People's Trust Has Declined in Concern, Media, Government, and NGOs." Harvard Concern Review, Jan sixteen, 2017 and found online on March 9, 2019 at https://hbr.org/2017/01/survey-peoples-trust-has-declined-in-business organization-media-regime-and-ngos.

Hernandez, M. (2012). "Toward an Understanding of the Psychology of Stewardship." Academy of Direction Review, Vol. 37, Iss. 2, pp. 172-193

Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2017). The Leadership Claiming: How to Become Extraordinary Things Washed in Organizations(6^thed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Isle of mann & Harter. (2016). "The Worldwide Employee Engagement Crisis." Gallup Workplace, Jan 7, 2016 and constitute online on March ix, 2019 at https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236495/worldwide-employee-engagement-crisis.aspx.

Oxford University Press, (2010). Oxford Essential Arabic Lexicon. Oxford, UK: Oxford Academy Press.

Oxford Academy Press, (2008). The Oxford New Greek Dictionary: The Essential Resource Revised and Updated. Oxford, Britain: Oxford University Press.

Pava, Yard. (2003). Leading with Pregnant: Using Covenantal Leadership to Build a Better Organization. New York: St. Martin'south Press.

Peck, M. S. (2002). The Road Less Traveled, 25^thAnniversary Edition: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values, and Spiritual Growth. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Pfeffer, J. (1998). The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Printing.

Solomon, R. C. (1993). Ethics and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business. Oxford, Great britain: Oxford Academy Printing.

The Messianic Jewish Bible Lodge. (n.d.) found online on Jan 21, 2019 at https://gratis.messianicbible.com./feature/dearest-and-the-hebrew-linguistic communication/.

White, M. D. (2010). "Loving Yourself: How Of import Is It?" Psychology Today, April 29, 2010 plant online on January 21, 2019 at https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/possibly-its-but-me/201004/loving-yourself-how-important-is-it.

Wren, D. A. (2004). The History of Direction Thought. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Zavada, J. (2018). "What is Afraid Beloved in the Bible?" ThoughtCo. July 31, 2018 plant online on January 21, 2019 at https://www.thoughtco.com/agape-love-in-the-bible-700675.

References

[ane] In the highly competitive global market place, this artillery-length arroyo has been advocated for decades. An culling perspective has been suggested past Caldwell, C., Atwijuka, South., & Okpala, C. O. (2018). "Empathetic Leadership in an Arms-Length Globe." Journal of Business and Direction.

[2] This point is fabricated in Wren, D. A. (2004). The History of Management Idea. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

[three] Come across, for example, Emerson, H. (1911). "Efficiency as a Ground for Operations and Wages." Engineering Mag.

[four] The importance of the pursuit of efficiency and the employees' office in that procedure is documented in Arnold, W. J. (1963). "Famous Firsts: High Priests of Efficiency." Business organization Week, June 22, 1963, pp. 100-104.

[five] Milton Friedman'southward famous article is Friedman, K. (1970). "The Social Responsibleness of Business organisation Is to Increase Its Profits. "New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970.

[6] This more ethically-based and humanistic position is the perspective of many scholars. See, for example, Solomon, R. C. (1993). Ideals and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business. Oxford, Uk: Oxford University Press.

[7] The importance of edifice relationships at the personal level is articulated clearly by Boyatzis, R. E. & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant Leadership: Renewing Yourself and Connecting with Others through Mindfulness, Promise, and Compassion. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.

[8] Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2017). The Leadership Challenge: How to Go Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations(vi^thed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

[nine] Ibid.

[10] These four Greek references are found in Oxford University Printing (2008). The Oxford New Greek Dictionary: The Essential Resource Revised and Updated. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[11] Ibid.

[12] The Holy Bible is filled with references to the importance of loving 1 some other. Run into, for example, John thirteen:35. Muslim references to brotherly dearest are likewise extensive and emphasize the importance of the divine principle of brotherly love. See, for example, Sunan At-Tirmidhi 2390.

[13] Oxford University Press (2008), op. cit.

[14] Zavada, J. (2018). "What is Agape Honey in the Bible?" ThoughtCo. July 31, 2018 found online on January 21, 2019 at https://www.thoughtco.com/agape-love-in-the-bible-700675.

[fifteen] Oxford University Press (2008), op. cit.

[16] Boylan, M. (2008). The Good, the True, and the Beautiful: A Quest for Meaning. New York: International Publishing Grouping.

[17] Oxford Academy Press (2010). Oxford Essential Arabic Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[xviii] Ibid.

[19] Doniach, N., & Kahane, A. (Eds). (1996). The Oxford English language-Hebrew Dictionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford Academy Press.

[20] This beautiful vignette is found at "Honey and the Hebrew Language" The Messianic Jewish Bible Social club. (n.d.) institute online on Jan 21, 2019 at https://complimentary.messianicbible.com./characteristic/beloved-and-the-hebrew-linguistic communication/.

[21] This insight is found in Anderson, Five. & Caldwell, C. (2019). "Love and Humility." Humility equally Enlightened Leadership. Hauppage, NY: NOVA Publishers. Come across likewise Gulbrandsen, K. & Caldwell, C. (In Press). "Love and Humility – Enhancing Leadership Success" in Dearest: The Heart of Leadership. Caldwell, C., & Anderson, V. (Eds.). Hauppage, NY: NOBA Publishers.

[22] See Peck, Grand. S. (2002). The Road Less Traveled, 25^thAnniversary Edition: A New Psychology of Dear, Traditional Values, and Spiritual Growth. New York: Simon & Schuster.

[23] Run into White, M. D. (2010). "Loving Yourself: How Important Is It?" Psychology Today, April 29, 2010 establish online on January 21, 2019 at https://www.psychologytoday.com/u.s.a./weblog/possibly-its-just-me/201004/loving-yourself-how-of import-is-it.

[24] Gulbrandsen, K., & Caldwell, C. (In Press), op. cit.

[25] DePree, M. (2004). Leadership is an Art. New York: Crown.

[26] Greenleaf, R. G. (2015). The Servant as Leader. Atlanta, GA: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership.

[27] Pava, M. (2003). Leading with Meaning: Using Covenantal Leadership to Build a Better Arrangement. New York: St. Martin's Press.

[28] Transformational leadership is addressed beautifully in Burns, J. M. (2010). Leadership. New York: Harper.

[29] Transformative leadership is described in Caldwell, C., Dixon, R. D., Floyd, Fifty., Chaudoin, J., Mail., J., & Cheokas, Thou. (2012). "Transformative Leadership: Achieving Unparalleled Excellence." Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 109, Iss. 2, pp. 175-187.

[30] Hernandez, Thousand. (2012). "Toward an Agreement of the Psychology of Stewardship." University of Direction Review, Vol. 37, Iss. ii, pp. 172-193 and Caldwell, C., Hayes, Fifty.,& Long, D. (2010). "Leadership, Trustworthiness, and Upstanding Stewardship." Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 96, Iss. 4, pp. 497-512

[31] Anderson, Five., & Caldwell, C. (2018),op. cit.

[32] Gulbrandsen, K., & Caldwell, C. (In Printing), op. cit.

[33] Caldwell, C., & Dixon, R.D. (2010), op. cit.

[34] Anderson, 5., & Caldwell, C. (2018), op. cit.

[35] Gulbrandsen, K., & Caldwell, C. (In Press), op. cit.

[36] Anderson, V., & Caldwell, C. (2018), op. cit.

[37] Feurestein's actions and the Malden Mill fire which preceded them are chronicled in the 60 Minutes story, "The Mensch of Malden Mills." CBS News found online on March 9m 2019 at https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-mensch-of-malden-mills/.

[38] Ibid.

[39] The outstanding achievements of NUCOR Steel are cited in many places, including Pfeffer, J. (1998). The Human being Equation: Building Profits by Putting People Get-go. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

[40] Gulbrandsen, K., & Caldwell, C. (In Printing), op. cit. Run into likewise Cake, P., (2013).Stewardship: Choosing Service Over Self-Interest. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

[41] See Applebaum, East., Bailey, T., & Berg, P. (2000). Manufacturing Advantage: Why Loftier Performance Piece of work Systems Pay Off. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Academy Press.

[42] Covey's delivery to values and principles are identified in many of his books. See, for case, Covey, Southward. R. (1992). Principle-Centered Leadership. New York: Simon & Schuster.

[43] For a distinction betwixt "Y'all" and "Its" see Buber, M., & Kaufmann, Thousand. (1971). I and Thou. New York: Touchstone Books.

[iv] Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant Leadership: Renewing Yourself and Connecting with Others Through Mindfulness, Hope, and Compassion. Boston, MA: Harvard Business organisation Review Printing.

[45] See Isle of man & Harter (2016). "The Worldwide Employee Date Crisis." Gallup Workplace, Jan 7, 2016 and constitute online on March 9, 2019 at https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236495/worldwide-employee-engagement-crunch.aspx.

[46] See Harrington, M. (2017). "Survey: People's Trust Has Declined in Business, Media, Government, and NGOs." Harvard Concern Review, January 16, 2017 and establish online on March ix, 2019 at https://hbr.org/2017/01/survey-peoples-trust-has-declined-in-business-media-government-and-ngos.

[47] Fanning, B. (2017). "71% Are Looking for New Jobs: v Strategies to Address Your Pain." Inc. November 17, 2017 and found online on March 9, 2019 at https://www.inc.com/ben-fanning/71-percent-of-employees-are-looking-for-new-jobs-v-strategies-to-accost-your-pain.html.

[48] Gulbrandsen, Grand., & Caldwell, C. (In Press), op. cit.

[49] Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2017), op. cit.

[fifty] Fromm, E. (2000). The Art of Loving: The Centennial Edition. New York: Continuum Publishers.

[51] Caldwell, C., & Dixon, R. D. (2010). "Beloved, Forgiveness, and Trust: Critical Values of the Modern Leader." Journal of Business concern Ideals, Vol. 93, Iss. i, pp. 91-101.

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Source: https://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2019/08/love-the-heart-of-leadership/